
Quantum Efficiency Tester
PL/EL Integrated System
PV-Reflectumeter
3D Confocal Microscope
In-Line Four Point Probe Tester
Four Point Probe Tester
In-Line Thin Film Thickness Tester
Raman Spectrometer
FTIR Spectrometer
Spectrophotometer
Automatic Spectroscopic Ellipsometer
Contact Resistance Tester
Ultra depth of field 3D microscope
Auto Visual Tester
VMM PV Vision Measuring Machine
Solar Cell Horizontal Tensile Tester
Steady State Solar Simulator for Solar Cell
Solar Cell UV Aging Test Chamber
Solar Cell Comprehensive Tensile Tester
Visual Inspection Tester
Wet Leakage Current Tester
PV Module EL Tester
PV Module UV Preconditioning Chamber
Steady State Solar Simulator for PV Module
Current Continuous Monitor
Potential Induced Degradation Test
Bypass Diode Tester
LeTID Test System
Reverse Current Overload Tester
Impulse Voltage Tester
Hipot Insulation Tester
Ground Continuity Tester
Hipot Insulation Ground Tester
Damp Heat Test Chamber
Humidity Freeze Test
Thermal Cycle Test Chamber
Dynamic Mechanical Load Tester
Static Mechanical Load Tester
Hail Impact Tester
Robustness of Termination Tester
Module Breakage Tester
Cut Susceptibility Tester
Peel Shear Strength Tester
Universal Testing Machine (Single-arm)
Universal Testing Machine (Double-arm)
Glass Transmittance Tester
Acetic Acid Test Chamber
EVA Degree of Crosslinking Test System
Junction Box Comprehensive Tester
Drop ball tester
Semi-automatic scanning four-probe tester
Stylus Profilometer
Maximum Power Point Tracker
Perovskite Glass Transmittance Tester
Perovskite P1 Laser Scribing Multifunctional Testing Machine
Perovskite Online PL Tester
Perovskite Online Sheet Resistance Tester
Online Perovskite Film Thickness Tester
Perovskite Process Inspection Workstation
Portable IV Curve Tester
Portable EL Tester
Portable Thermal Imaging Tester
Solar Module Multi-Channel Testing System
PV Inverter Power Quality Tester
Drone EL Tester
IV Tester
IVEL Cell Sorting Machine
FTO Glass/ITO-Coated Glass
In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), FTO glass (fluorine-doped tin oxide) and ITO-coated glass (indium-doped tin oxide) are two widely used transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrates. They serve as the front electrodes, enabling light transmission and efficient collection of electrons/holes.
FTO Glass: Typically fabricated via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or spray pyrolysis, offering high transparency, thermal stability, and surface roughness. ITO-Coated Glass: Prepared by sputtering or electron-beam evaporation, characterized by superior conductivity, high transparency, and smooth surfaces.
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Anode Buffer Layer (Hole Transport Layer, HTL)
The HTL is a key functional layer between the perovskite absorber and metal electrode, enabling efficient hole extraction/transport, electron blocking, energy level alignment, and environmental protection (moisture/oxygen barrier), with certain materials also providing encapsulation.
Key Optimization Strategies: Introduce an ultra-thin interfacial modification layer to reduce defect states; precisely control HTL thickness and doping ratio; enhance NiOx surface hydrophilicity to improve electrode contact.
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Go to Product CenterLaser Scribing P1
P1 scribing is performed after TCO deposition but before HTL deposition. It defines isolated conductive electrode structures and serves as alignment markers for subsequent P2/P3 scribing.
Positional Accuracy: Controlled within ±5 µm.
Dead Zone: The area between the outermost P1 and P3 lines.
Minimized by optimizing line width (≤50 µm) and spacing to reduce inactive regions.
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Perovskite Coating
Perovskite film crystallinity determines PSC performance, governing light absorption, charge transport, and diffusion—critical for efficiency and stability. Current research prioritizes smooth, uniform, and highly-oriented layers.
Fabrication methods—including spin-coating, vapor deposition, blade-coating, spray-coating, and slot-die coating—are chosen per device needs and scale. Slot-die and spray-coating dominate industrial use for their scalability.
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Go to Product CenterCathode Buffer Layer
The electron transport layer (ETL) is essential in perovskite solar cells, enabling efficient electron extraction and suppressing charge recombination. Through band alignment, defect passivation, and interface engineering, the ETL achieves optimal balance between charge transport and recombination control.
Perovskite ETL optimization requires balancing four aspects: material properties (band alignment, mobility, stability), process precision (nanoscale uniformity, passivation), interface design (band gradients, defect suppression), and stability enhancement (encapsulation, material modification).
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Go to Product CenterLaser Scribing (P2, P3, P4)
P2 Laser Scribing:
Purpose: Etch HTL, perovskite, and ETL to expose the TCO layer.
Structure: Substrate (FTO/ITO) → ETL → Perovskite → HTL → P2-etched zone → Back electrode.
Challenges: Precise etch depth (prevent TCO damage); minimize edge residues (avoid leakage/shorts).
P3 Laser Scribing:
Purpose: Remove back electrode, HTL, perovskite, and ETL to electrically isolate sub-cells.
P4 Laser Scribing (Edge Isolation):
Purpose: Strip ~10 mm edge films (HTL, perovskite, ETL) pre-encapsulation.
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Back Electrode
Back electrode critically governs performance, stability, and charge transport—collecting holes/electrons and conducting current outward.
Requirements for Back Electrode Materials:
High conductivity for efficient charge transport.
Stable against reactions with perovskites and transport layers.
Work function matched to adjacent transport layers (e.g., HTL/ETL) for optimal energy alignment.
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Go to Product CenterEncapsulation and Testing
Perovskites are highly sensitive to moisture, oxygen, and UV light. Encapsulation is essential to ensure long-term stability. Key goals include: Multi-layer designs that block environmental factors while preserving transmittance and electrical properties. Mechanical robustness for impact resistance.
Industrial deployment requires rigorous testing of material stability, encapsulation integrity, and long-term reliability to enable scalable photovoltaic adoption.
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Go to Product CenterPerformance Testing
Photovoltaic Conversion Efficiency (PCE) is the most direct metric for evaluating a solar cell’s ability to convert light into electricity. It is measured under standard test conditions (STC), including AM 1.5G spectrum illumination (1000 W/m²) and controlled temperature (e.g., 25°C). By analyzing the current-voltage (J-V) curve of perovskite solar cells under STC, the PCE is calculated to assess overall performance.
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Go to Product CenterRelated News
LONGi's latest Nature: asymmetric self-assembled molecules refresh the efficiency of chalcogenide/silicon stacked cell to 34.58%!
Latest Science Bulletin | Bi-PSCs, bifacial chalcogenide solar cells, break through 23.4% efficiency at SUSU
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