Bifacial photovoltaic modules (bPVP) are rapidly capturing the global PV market due to novel cell designs enabling rear-side light capture. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of all technical specifications for 499 bPVP models from 236 global manufacturers, covering mainstream production technologies (PERC, TOPCon, HJT, etc.) with varying efficiencies. It establishes optimal values (highest or lowest) and median values for 16 key parameters. Millennial QE Quantum Efficiency Tester precisely quantifies the contribution of rear-side light utilization. By quantifying parameter variability through confidence intervals, it enhances the accuracy of module performance comparisons. Results indicate that heterojunction technology (HJT) delivers the optimal bPVP parameters.

Data Acquisition and Processing Workflow

Bifacial PV Module Analysis Quantitative Metrics:a) Model distribution by country classification;b) Model distribution by production technology classification

Data Collection

Sample Scope: Collected 842 bPVP models from 236 manufacturers across 39 countries by Q1/2025;

Selection Criteria: 499 models included in final analysis (requiring complete parameters), covering PERC / TOPCon / HJT / Other (ABC / HPBC) technologies;

Uniform Test Conditions: Front parameters measured under STC (Standard Test Conditions); total bPVP parameters measured under BSTC (Bifacial Standard Test Conditions);

Key Assumption: VOC and Vmp exhibit no difference between BSTC and STC conditions.

Data Processing

Components categorized by 11 regions:

Production technology distribution: PERC 54%, TOPCon 30%, HJT 12%, Others (HPBC/ABC) 4%

Statistical Methods: Box-and-whisker plots visualize parameter distributions; median and confidence intervals calculated for 16 parameters with 95% confidence intervals;

Correlation Analysis: Pearson's correlation coefficient evaluates parameter associations with maximum power output.

Results Analysis

Efficiency (η)

Distribution of ηBSTC for Bifacial PV Panels Grouped by Maximum Power

Global Comparison: Europe's bPVP ηBSTC median is highest (24.40%), while Russia's is lowest (21.68%).

Technology Differences: HJT and ABC/HPBC (“Other” category) exhibit ηBSTC values 1.69%-2.24% higher than PERC, with the highest recorded at 27.08% (3Sun HJT modules in Italy).

Power Correlation: ηBSTC positively correlates with Pmax (HJT technology r=0.697). High-power modules (>800W) generally exceed 24% efficiency.

Temperature Coefficients (kP, kV, kI)

Maximum Power Temperature Coefficient kp of Bifacial PV Panels by Production Region

Variation in Open-Circuit Voltage Temperature Coefficient kV of Bifacial PV Panels Across Different Production Technologies

Distribution of Short-Circuit Current Temperature Coefficient kI for Bifacial PV Panels Grouped by Maximum Power

Power Temperature Coefficient (kp): Russian products exhibit the optimal median kp (-0.285%/°C), with HJT technology demonstrating outstanding performance (median -0.26%/°C).

Voltage Temperature Coefficient (kV): HJT achieves a median kV of -0.24%/°C, outperforming PERC (-0.27%/°C).

Current Temperature Coefficient (kI): PERC technology exhibits the highest kI (0.05%/°C), but HJT demonstrates superior stability in modules exceeding 800W.

Bifacial Performance and Reliability

Bifacial Factor BF by Production Region

Bifacial Factor BF:

HJT Technology Leads (Median BF 85%, Optimal BF 95%)

European/Chinese Module Median BF Exceeds 80%

Variation in Warranty Periods for Bifacial PV Panels Across Different Manufacturing Technologies

Guaranteed Performance (GP): HJT modules exhibit the lowest 25-year degradation rate (median 89.93%)

Median Lifespan: 30 years (HJT/TOPCon reach 35–38 years)

Warranty Period: HJT median 15 years (PERC only 12 years)

Technical Comparison Conclusions

HJT leads in 6 parameters (ηBSTC/kP/BF/warranty, etc.), while TOPCon excels in sq/voltage coefficient;

PERC only achieves optimal kI (current temperature coefficient) at 0.055%/°C.

Comparison of Optimal and Median Parameters for Bifacial PV Modules Across Regions

Regional Manufacturing Differences

China accounts for 62% (309/499 models), yet Europe offers the longest module warranty (median 12 years);

Russia produces only HJT modules, but achieves BF values of 87% (world's highest).

Bifacial photovoltaic modules (bPVP) have become a core growth driver in the global PV market, with continuous improvements in technological maturity and application scale. HJT technology's advantages in core parameters like efficiency and temperature stability position it as the future mainstream direction. Meanwhile, regionalized supply patterns and differentiated competition based on specialized technologies will propel the industry toward diversification. Selecting suitable modules requires consideration of application scenarios (e.g., albedo, temperature range).

Millennial QE Quantum Efficiency Tester

email：market@millennialsolar.com

The Millennial QE Quantum Efficiency Tester measures the spectral response of solar cells and diagnoses areas of low spectral response through quantum efficiency analysis. It offers universal compatibility, a broad spectral measurement range, testing accuracy, and traceability.

Compatible with all solar cell types to meet diverse testing requirements

Spectral range extends from 300-2500nm with specialized customization options

Dual light source structure (xenon lamp + halogen lamp) ensures stable illumination

The Millennial QE Quantum Efficiency Tester delivers comprehensive underlying diagnostic capabilities for photovoltaic module research, revealing the fundamental physical mechanisms behind performance differences in photovoltaic technologies (such as PERC, TOPCon, HJT, HBC, etc.) regarding photovoltaic conversion efficiency and bifacial power generation capabilities.